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Latin help!!?

I’ve been studying latin for about a month now and I was working on Wheelock’s latin reader with a friend. and she why “Tum equum hasta tundit” translates to “then he strikes/beats the horse with a spear” and not “then the horse strikes with a spear”. although i got the right translation and sorta know why it’s so, i can’t seem to put it into words to explain to her. can anyone enlighten us?

Word order has nothing to do with it. The cases used tell you the function of the nouns in Latin. Here, ‘equum’ is in accusative case, singular. Accusative is used for direct objects – the things that receive the action of the verbs. The verb is ‘tundit’, from ‘tundere’, meaning ‘to beat’, so someone beat the horse. Who did it? There’s no nominative word in the sentence that would logically serve as subject. ‘Hasta’ could be a nominative, but that doesn’t fit – how could a spear beat something? The verb is 3rd person singular, and since the Romans did not normally use subject pronouns, that may be ‘he/she/it beats’, with ‘he beats’ being the most fitting. That leaves ‘hasta’, which could also be ablative case, and that fits as the means to beat the horse.

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